Logical studies--Measurements of activity in visual cortex have provided the neural

Early PET and fMRI (Beauchamp, Cox, DeYoe, 1997; Shulman et al., 1999; Watanabe et al., 1998) research indicate that FBA modulates activity in various visual areas (e.g., V1 and MT+/V5) in response to expectations relating to the task-relevant function dimension. Paying consideration to stimulus features across the entire visual field enhances neural activity within the cortical MedChemExpress Amadacycline regions specialized to method those attributes (Liu et al., 2003; O'Craven et al., 1997; Schoenfeld et al., 2007). As an example, a study combining fMRI and neuromagnetic recordings located that a moving stimulus elicited a larger neural response in title= bmjopen-2016-012517 the motionsensitive region MT when movement was relevant than when color was relevant, whereas a color-change stimulus created higher activity inside the color-selective area V4/V8 when color was attended than when movement was relevant (Schoenfeld et al., 2007). Neuroimaging research have also shown FBA modulation of targets which are spatially coextensive with distractors of distinct function values. For example, attending to one color in a display containing intermingled colored moving dots increases the amplitude ofVision Res. Author manuscript; accessible in PMC 2012 July 05.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptCarrascoPageSSVEPs to that colour when compared with when that color just isn't attended (Muller et al., 2006). Research working with voxel-based multivariate pattern classification overcome the spatial resolution limitations of fMRI, thus enabling the assessment of featural attentional effects in specific retinotopic visual locations. When participants attended to one of two superimposed grid patterns, a classifier depending on voxels from V1 to V4 could reliably predict the attended orientation (Kamitani Tong, 2005). Consideration increases the BOLD response in voxels tuned for the attended orientation (or close to it), relative to voxels tuned title= 2016/5789232 for the unattended orientation. Consistent with the feature-similarity gain model, this pattern of responses suggests that attending to a single orientation biased the population activity toward the attended orientation, the behaviorally relevant stimuli, at the expense of behaviorally irrelevant stimuli (see also Serences Boynton, 2007; Serences, Saproo, Scolari, Ho, Muftuler, 2009). Another helpful method to investigate FBA across multiple locations in human visual cortex is fMRI response adaptation. Measurements of adaptation with fMRI let scientists to produce title= fmicb.2016.01271 inferences about neural activity at the subpopulation level beyond the resolution of a single image voxel (Grill-Spector Malach, 2001; Krekelberg, Boynton, van Wezel, 2006). The fMRI adaptation method was applied in combination with psychophysics to investigate the selective energy, perceptual consequences and neural basis of F.Logical studies--Measurements of activity in visual cortex have offered the neural correlates of FBA. FBA selectively modifies the neural representations of components inside visual scenes that match the at present attended function. An early study of FBA in location V4 illustrates this modification. Monkeys were educated to view a fast sequence of gratings and to respond after they saw a grating that matched the orientation of a cue grating. The responses of most recorded neurons varied according to which orientation the animal was in search of (Haenny et al., 1988; see also Hayden Gallant, 2005; Maunsell et al., 1991). Neuroimaging research have also shown FBA modulation of targets which might be spatially coextensive with distractors of diverse OICR-9429 custom synthesis feature values.