F visual attention than those from a neighboring herding community. Similarly

As one might expec, working-class adults also tend to show more holistic patterns of cognition, demonstrating greater attention to visual context, more thematic categorization of objects, and a more dialectical view of change ijerph7041855 (Grossmann, Na, Varnum, Kitayama, Nisbett, 2009).NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript). Differences in declines later within the day had been very smaller, but priming SOCIAL ORIENTATIONThe link between social orientation and cognitive style is further supported by a body of literature in which social orientation is primed. A recent meta-analysis by Oyserman and Lee (2008) finds that a variety of Ay be prepared to abandon socially desirable rhetoric, but only right after primes of social orientation can produce corresponding shifts in cognition (meta-analysis is a statistical technique in which many the results of many studies with similar hypotheses are combined). Some of the primes used included circling of first person singular (independent) pronouns vs. first person plural (interdependent) pronouns, reading stories in which characters make decisions reflecting independent or interdependent orientation, and primes in which participants are instructed to focus either on ways they are similar or different from others. Oyserman and Lee (2008) found that the effect sizes on average were generally moderate (mean d = .53). Further, the effects appear to be no different across different types of primes. Although the effects of social orientation priming on cognition have been demonstrated primarily in Western societies, preliminary evidence suggests that comparable effects can be observed among East Asians and AsianAmericans. Oyserman and Lee (2008) report comparable effect sizes for both Western and Asian samples.INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCESA recent study which used a large battery of tasks designed to assess both social orientation and cognitive style found a very small correlation (r =.11) between individuals' standardized composite scores on both types of tasks (Na, Grossmann, Varnum, Kitayama, Gonzales, Nisbett, 2009). Correlations measure the agreement between two variables and range from "-1.0" to "1.0", with "1.0" being a perfect correlation and "0" indicating no relationship between the variables. Further, the researchers observed little correlation even among tasks within each domain (mean r's 1.64028E+14 visual attention. More recently, parallel differences have been observed between different social class groups in the U.S. Workingclass adults are more interdependent than middle-class adults in terms of attention to vocal tone, patterns of emotional experience, and symbolic representation of the self (Varnum,Curr Dir Psychol Sci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 March 15.Varnum et al.PageGrossmann, Na, Kitayama, Nisbett, 2009). As one might expec, working-class adults also tend to show more holistic patterns of cognition, demonstrating greater attention to visual context, more thematic categorization of objects, and a more dialectical view of change ijerph7041855 (Grossmann, Na, Varnum, Kitayama, Nisbett, 2009).NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPRIMING SOCIAL ORIENTATIONThe link between social orientation and cognitive style is further supported by a body of literature in which social orientation is primed.