Ere the 24 hour recall (four studies), a food consumption questionnaire (FCQ) (two studies

4 studies utilised participant reported measures to assess some dimension of meals access, which includes perceived access to shops [42], perceived proximity to each and every kind of food outlet [21], and some dimension of meals availability, such as perceived HaematoxylinMedChemExpress Natural Black 1 availability of FF outlets [26] and perceived density of food outlets [43]. These measures had been all single-item indicators. 3 research employed pricing measures to examine the association involving food price and meals consumption including FV, snack products, and FF [29,36,39]. The meals cost indices of these 3 research had been all computed in the American Chamber ofCommerce Researchers Association Price of Living Index reports. Two additional research used a store audit measure [32,33]. The study by Longacre et al. [33] utilised an audit from the quantity of in-town FF outlets to assess the relationship in between in-town FF outlets and FF intake. The other study, by Leung et al. [32], made use of street audit data to type a NBH "food and retail" scale to STF 62247 web investigate if this was related with total power intake. Ultimately, one study utilised an inventory checklist of fruit, juice and vegetable availability [22]. Table 3 shows the 16 research that employed some form of GIS based measures of community FE to capture the geographic connection between residents' residences and/or school and an array of meals shop forms: supermarkets, convenience shops, FF outlets, and others. The GIS-based measures that were utilized assessed only constructs related for the availability (presence, counts and density) and accessibility (distance for the nearest meals outlet) dimensions of your neighborhood FE. In the 16 research, two research [28,35] utilized GIS-based strategies to examine meals retailer availability inside a specific buffer zone from house; a single study examined FF accessibility within a buffer from home [23], 4 research examined both the availability and accessibility dimensions of meals outlets and FF from household [27,30,37,40]; one study looked at each availability and accessibility of grocery shops inside census tracts [34]; five studies measured each the availability and accessibility dimensions ofEngler-Stringer et al. BMC Public Health 2014, 14:522 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/Page 7 ofTable 3 The associations involving the food atmosphere and dietary intake in studies working with GIS-based measures to capture community meals atmosphere exposureAuthor (Year) Jago et al. [27] Sample size (n) 204 Distinct exposure reported Distance to food outlets from household and density of food outlets inside a 1 mile radius of participant home FF outcome Fruit (17 kinds), 100 juice (4 sorts) and vegetable (17 types) consumption Results - Distance to the nearest smal.Ere the 24 hour recall (4 research), a food consumption questionnaire (FCQ) (2 research), the Well being Behavior in School Children questionnaire (1 study), Children's Consuming Behavior Questionnaire (1 study), a meals and drink diary (1 study) plus the Dietary Approaches to Quit Hypertension (DASH) index (1 study). In Table two the 26 research are listed by the strategy they took for assessing the FE exposure. The most frequent method made use of for measuring exposure was GIS primarily based measures (16 studies). These GIS primarily based measures captured the geographic relationship amongst residents' home and/or college and healthier food outlets (grocery shops) ?1 study [34]; and unhealthy food outlets (FF and comfort shops) ?six research; and several food outlet kinds, such as supermarkets, convenience shops, FF outlets ?9 studies.