He frontal eye fields also responded most strongly to targets in

Feature-based effects at attended locations Notwithstanding advances in electrophysiological studies of visual search, this paradigm will not be title= s12864-016-2896-7 perfect to assess whether or not and how focus affects sensory representations. In most human research of visual search the part of focus has been inferred in lieu of directly manipulated, and only a couple of research have taken into account simple title= bmjopen-2016-012517 visual and stimulus components (e.g., Carrasco Frieder, 1997; Carrasco et al., 1995; Carrasco, McLean, et al., 1998; Geisler Chou, 1995; Palmer, 1995; Palmer et al., 2000; Verghese, 2001; Verghese Nakayama, 1994). Moreover, search tasks normally Exactly the same location when consideration is allocated elsewhere (Beck Kastner, 2009; Slotnick involve spatial interest (either covert or overt) as a result complicating the assessment of FBA per se in these tasks. Since a visual stimulus constantly occupies a specific spatial location, it can be crucial to manage spatial selection when studying feature-based selection. Therefore, studies of FBA frequently use compound stimuli that contain many attributes superimposed more than exactly the same spatial location, and observers are needed to attend to one of these attributes. This section testimonials research that investigate FBA at the attended location, i.e. in the nearby level. The next section evaluations the consequences of those manipulations, T) yields about 2400 articles coping with visual focus?2011 Elsevier Ltd. All whereby feature-related activity spreads to places apart from the attended one. six.2.1. Behavioral research 6.2.1.1. Adaptation aftereffects: The effects of selectively attending to a relevant feature presented simultaneously with other functions have been investigated in behavioral studies of aftereffects following selective adaptation. This approach enables researchers to address regardless of whether attending to a feature enhances selective responses to that function. Selective adaptation is defined as decreased sensitivity following prolonged exposure to a stimulus, and equivalent stimuli, resulting in aftereffects (Carrasco, Figueroa, Willen, 1986; Kohn, 2007; Movshon Blakemore, 1973; Ohzawa, Sclar, Freeman, 1982; Pantle Sekuler, 1968). Neurophysiologically, this lowered sensitivity has been attributed to a contrast get manage mechanism, whereby adaptation decreases the obtain of detectors tuned towards the adapter stimulus (Ohzawa et al., 1982). Neural adaptation tends to enhance with stronger neuronal response for the adapting stimulus (Gardner et al., 2005; Sclar et al., 1989). Correspondingly, the magnitude of adaptation increases with the intensity in the adapter stimulus. For example, adapting to greater contrast gratings benefits in higher threshold elevation (Langley, 20.He frontal eye fields also responded most strongly to targets in conjunction search, and much more strongly to distractors that shared one particular target feature than to distractors that shared none (Bichot Schall, 1999).NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptVision Res. Author manuscript; offered in PMC 2012 July 05.CarrascoPageNeurophysiological studies have also shown that shifting consideration amongst various feature dimensions (e.g., colour or orientation) modulates activity in cortical locations specialized for processing these dimensions. For example, in one study utilizing delayed match to sample the responses of most V4 neurons have been affected by whether the monkey was attending towards the orientation or color of a stimulus distant in the receptive field (McAdams Maunsell, 2000). This result supports the concept that FBA changes activity throughout the visual-field representation within a helpful way for title= ece3.2353 visual search.